The Hours of Isabella Stuart

Later modifications

Artists' Materials

When the manuscript was modified for Isabella Stuart, her arms were added to the border of several folios using gold and silver leaf as well as vermilion and carbon black. Her portrait was painted over that of the original patron kneeling before the Virgin and Child on fol. 20r, and St Catherine was added behind her. The saint’s blue mantle was painted with ultramarine, the same blue pigment used for the Virgin’s drapery during the original campaign. Soon afterwards, however, the patron’s originally large oval head dress was changed into a small ducal coronet. To hide the head dress, the front of St Catherine’s mantle was completed using azurite – the difference in pigments clearly revealed in the near-infrared image.

Azurite was also used for the Virgin’s robe and the background of the miniature added on fol. 28r for Margaret of Brittany in the 1450s. The green floor was painted with an organic colourant rather than the mineral green found in most of the images painted during the original campaign.

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1
Detail of the edge of St Catherine’s blue robe under magnification (20x), showing a small triangular portion of the Virgin’s blue robe, which originally extended to the left edge of the image, painted underneath the white frame of the miniature (see hotspot 2).
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2
SWIR image of the reverse of the miniature on fol. 20r, flipped left-to-right to facilitate comparisons. The image clearly reveals that the Virgin’s robe originally extended to the left edge of the miniature (see hotspot 1), and St Catherine was absent from the composition.
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3
Detail of Isabella Stuart’s overpainted head dress under magnification (7.5x).

The marginal scene showing Christ’s encounter with the devil belongs to the cycle illustrating the Pilgrimage of Jesus Christ. The arms of Isabella Stuart have been added to the border. Her portrait was painted over that of the original patron kneeling before the Virgin and Child. The overpainting was done in two stages. During the first stage Isabella’s face and heraldic dress were painted over the original ones, and the figure of St Catherine was added (hotspots 1 and 2). The red of Isabella’s ermine-lined coat (cotte) is the same pigment, vermilion, as that used for her arms in the border, while the original red elsewhere on the page – in the main image, the marginal miniature and the floral border – is red lead. St Catherine’s garments were painted in insect-based organic pink and ultramarine blue, except the darker, oval area behind Isabella’s head which was painted in azurite instead. It conceals the head dress of the original patron, which Isabella retained at first. During the second stage of overpainting, the head dress was covered with azurite and Isabella’s ducal coronet was painted over it (hotspot 3). The latter change is clearly visible in the near-infrared image (see Infrared Layer).

The alterations were most probably commissioned by Isabella’s husband-to-be, Francis I of Brittany. The first step – the overpainting of what was probably the portrait of his first wife, Yolande of Anjou, and the addition of St Catherine and of Isabella’s arms – would have been prompted by preparations for Francis’ wedding to Isabella on 29 October 1442. On 29 August 1442, Francis succeeded to the duchy of Brittany and Isabella’s coronet must have been added after that point, since she would have become a duchess upon her marriage two months later.